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Males usually developed higher parasitemia, with castration removing the sex difference.
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During the mid-20th century, a virtual cottage industry developed in which investigators experimentally infested laboratory rodents with parasites and documented any resulting sex differences in the prevalence or intensity of the infection that developed. Furthermore, in many free-living mammals, males are more likely than females to harbor parasites or to suffer more intensely from their effects. They concluded, “Being male is now the single largest demographic risk factor for early mortality in developed countries”. Kruger and Nesse compared men's and women's mortality rates for 11 causes of death in men and women from 20 countries, including accidents and homicide as well as infectious and non-infectious diseases, and found that men virtually always die earlier.
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Fewer women than men died in the 1917–1918 influenza epidemic the differential mortality was not related to World War I, as originally thought, but was global and widespread among ages. Everyone knows that old age homes have more widows than widowers, but the disparity extends far beyond the elderly. Arguments about the weaker sex notwithstanding, there is no contest about the identity of the sicker sex-it is males, almost every time.